- National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, 40 CFR. § 300. (2011).
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2019, October). National Response Framework. 4th edition.
- CSB. (2018, May). Organic Peroxide Decomposition, Release, and Fire at Arkema Crosby Following Hurricane Harvey Flooding. Report Number: 2017-08-I-TX.
- CSB. (2017, May). Chemical Spill Contaminates Public Water Supply in Charleston, West Virginia. Report Number: 2014-01-I-WV.
- Foreman, W.T., Rose, D.L., Chambers, D.B., Crain, A.S., Murtagh, L.K., Thakellapalli, H. et al. (2015). Determination of (4-methylcyclohexyl) methanol isomers by heated purge-and-trap GC/MS in water samples from the 2014 Elk River, West Virginia, chemical spill. Chemosphere, 131, 217-224.
- McClure, CD., Peoples, SA., & Maddy, KT. (1978). Public health concerns in the exposure of grape pickers to high pesticide residues in Madera County, Calif., September 1976. Public Health Reports, 93(5), 421-425.
- Peoples, S. A., & Maddy, K. T. (1978). Organophosphate pesticide poisoning. The Western Journal of Medicine, 129(4), 273–277.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review (Rainbow Report). Office of Pesticide Programs. (Report No. EPA 738-R-98-002).
- Dworkin, M.S., Patel, A., Fennell, M., Vollmer, M., Bailey., Bloom, J., R. et al. (2004). An outbreak of ammonia poisoning from chicken tenders served in a school lunch. Journal of Food Protection. 67(6). (pp. 1299-1302).
- Centers for Disease Control. (1986). Ammonia contamination in a milk processing plant--Wisconsin. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 35 (17): 274-275.
- Pohanish, R.P. (2012, October 21). Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. (6th ed.) Chem-Data Systems.
- National Transportation Safety Board. (2019, February 11). Hazardous Materials Accident Report: Rupture of a DOT-105 Rail Tank Car and Subsequent Chlorine Release at Axiall Corporation, New Martinsville, West Virginia, August 27, 2016. (Report No. NTSB/HZM-19/01).
- Transportation Safety Board of Canada. (2014). Railway Investigation Report R13D0054. Runaway and main-track derailment. Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway, Freight train MMA-002, Mile 0.23, Sherbrooke Subdivision, Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, 06 July 2013. (Report No. R13D0054.)
- de Santiago-Martín, A., Guesdon, G., Diaz-Sanz, J., Galvez-Cloutier, R. (2015, December 2). Oil Spill in Lac-Mégantic, Canada: Environmental Monitoring and Remediation. International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2(1):; Galvez-Cloutier, R. (2015, May). The human and environmental disaster at Lac Mégantic: the event, the impacts and the lessons to be learned. 14th Global Joint Seminar on Geo-Environmental Engineering. Montreal CSCE, CGS. 21-22.; Mann, Brian. (2013, October 14). National Public Radio; CBC News. (2013, September 17). Lac-Mégantic an ‘environmental disaster,’ says expert. CBC News.
- de Place, E. (2014, December 18). What do oil train explosions cost? And why cities and towns would have to pay the damages. Sightline Institute. ; Mikulka, J. (2015, June 21). Cost of doing business? Oil companies agree to pay for some of Lac-Megantic damages, but not to solve the real problems. DeSmog Blog.
- Murphy, J. (2018, January 19). Lac-Megantic: The runaway train that destroyed a town. BBC News, Toronto. ; Giovanetti, J. (2013, August 14). Plan to reshape Lac-Mégantic gathers momentum as town rebuilds. The Globe and Mail.; Woods, A. (2013, July 23). Lac Megantic: Mayor says town stuck with $4 million in unpaid bills for cleanup. The Star. ; Belander, M. (2013, August 14). Quebec targets CP railway for Lac-Mégantic cleanup costs. The Canadian Press.
- Rudd, A. (2018, March 9). Oral statement to Parliament, Home Secretary statement on the incident in Salisbury. Gov.uk.
- Gov.uk. (2018, April 17). Clean-up work underway in Salisbury in next phase of recovery. Gov.uk.
- Wilkinson, M. (2019, August 28). Poison bill: Novichuk nerve agent attack in Salisbury cost taxpayers a staggering 30million. The Sun. ; Gov.uk. (2018, April 17). Clean-up work underway in Salisbury in next phase of recovery.
- Corera, G. (2020, March 4). Salisbury poisoning: What did the attack mean for the UK and Russia? BBC News Services.
- Kirk, M. A., & Deaton, M. L. (2007). Bringing order out of chaos: effective strategies for medical response to mass chemical exposure. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 25(2), 527–548.
- Levy, L., Smithson, A.E. (2000). Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo. Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response Stimson Report 35. (pp. 71-111). Global Health Security.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, March 11). Chemicals, Metals & Pesticides in Food. ; U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, August 24). Metals and Your Food.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. New Analytic Methods and Sampling Procedures for the United States National Residue Program for Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products. 9 CFR. §417. (2012, July 6).
- U.S. Department of Transportation. (2020). 2020 Emergency Response Guidebook. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2020, June 2). Animal Health Surveillance in the United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services. ;
- U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2018, November). United States National Animal Health Surveillance System: 2017 Surveillance Activity Report. Animal and Plant Health, Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2018, June). Resource Typing Definition for Response Environmental Response/Health and Safety Hazardous Materials Response Team. FEMA-508-v20170717.
- Occupational Safety and Health. (2008). Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. Publication 3114-07R.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2018). Joint Criminal-Epidemiologic Investigations Handbook. Centers for Disease Control.
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2021, February). Oil and Chemical Incident Annex to the Federal Interagency Operational Plan
- Ishimatsu, S., Takasu, N. (1995, October) The Tokyo Subway Sarin Incident: Emergency Medical Response by St. Luke's International Hospital. St. Luke's International Hospital Kyukyuigaku (Emergency Medicine). Lessons Learned Information Sharing. ; U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. (2005, August 15). DCSINT Handbook No. 1.01, Terror Operations: Case Studies in Terrorism. Print.
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2019, October 28). National Response Framework. Department of Homeland Security. 4th ed.
- National Response Team (NRT). (2013, April). Joint Information Center Model: Communications during Emergency Reponses. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- National Response Team. (2006). NRT Communications Packet. Version 5. ;
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) Overview.
- Spill of National Significance (SONS) Communication Coordination Workgroup. (2017). Spill of National Significance: Public Affairs Reference. 2017 Ed.;
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). National Response System.
- National Response Team. (2013, April). Incident Command System/Unified Command (ICS/UC) Technical Assistance Document. ;
- UPMC Center for Health Security. (2016, November). How to Steward Medical Countermeasures and Public Trust in an Emergency. A Communication Casebook for FDA and its Public Health Partners. (Contract: HHSF223201400018C). ;
- Sorensen, J.H. (2000). Hazard warning systems: Review of 20 years of progress. Natural Hazards Review 1(2): 119-125.
- U.S. Coast Guard. (2011, September). On Scene Coordinator Report Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. National Response Team.
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2016, June). Emergency Support Function #15 – External Affairs Annex. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
- Fischhoff, B., Brewer, N.T., & Downs, J.S. (2011, April). In Communicating Risks and Benefits: An Evidence• Based User's Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (pp. 19-29).
- Rubin, G. J., Chowdhury, A. K., & Amlôt, R. (2012). How to communicate with the public about chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorism: a systematic review of the literature. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science, 10(4), 383–395.
- National Research Council. (2013). Public Response to Alerts and Warnings Using Social Media: Report of a Workshop on Current Knowledge and Research Gaps. The National Academies Press. .; Mileti, D., Bandy, R., Bourque, L., Johnson, A., Kano, M., Peek, L et al. (2006, September). Annotated Bibliography for Public Risk Communication on Warnings for Public Protective Actions Response and Public Education. NOAA's Office for Coastal Management.
- Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM). (2020, September 14). Public Information Officers.
- Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange (TRACIE). (2018, September). Tips for Healthcare Facilities: Assisting Families and Loved Ones after a Mass Casualty Incident.
- Centers for Disease Control. (2014). Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2006). Terrorism and Other Public Health Emergencies: A Field Guide for Media.
- U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards Compliance Guidelines Hazardous Materials e-CFR, § 1910. 120 App C.
- ExxonMobil. (2014). Oil Spill Response Field Manual. ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company.
- National Fire Protection Association. (2018). NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents.; National Fire Protection Association. (2017). NFPA 1072: Standard for Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Emergency Response Personnel Professional Qualifications.
- U.S. Department of Transportation. (2009, January). Traffic Incident Management in Hazardous Materials Spills in Incident Clearance. Federal Highway Administration.
- International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) Ltd. (2012). Response to Marine Chemical Incidents. Technical Information Paper 17.
- Purnell, K. (2014, May 22). Are HNS Spills More Dangerous than Oil Spills? (2009). International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. Interspill Conference & the 4th IMO R&D Forum, Marseille, France, May 2009.
- Chilcott, R.P., Larner, J. & Matar, H. (2018). Primary Response Incident Scene Management (PRISM): Guidance for the Operational Response to Chemical Incidents. 1(2nd ed). Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority.
- Nelson, L.S., Lewin, N.A., Howland, M., Hoffman, R.S., Goldfrank, L.R., & Flomenbaum, N.E. (2011). Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. (9th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Print.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1985). Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- U.S Coast Guard. (2005). Hazardous Materials Response Special Teams Capabilities and Contact Handbook.
- U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Standards Compliance Guidelines Hazardous Materials. e-CFR, § 1910. 120 App B.
- Sorensen, J. H., Shumpter. B., & Vogt, B. (2002, August 30). Planning Protective Action Decision-Making: Evacuate or Shelter-in-Place. Report ORNL/TM-2002/144. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/814651-planning-protective-action-decision-making-evacuate-shelter-place; Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2019, March). Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, Program Guidebook. U.S. Department of the Army.
- Department of Homeland Security. (2019, July). Planning Considerations: Evacuation and Shelter-in-Place Guidance for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Partners.
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Key Response Factors and Considerations for the Aftermath of a Catastrophic Chemical Incident. P.1013. Print.
- Canadian Security Intelligence Service. (1995, August). Commentary No. 60: The Threat of Chemical/Biological Terrorism.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003). Nicotine poisoning after ingestion of contaminated ground beef – Michigan, 2003. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR). 52(18), 413–416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12807090/ & https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5218a3.htm
- U.S. Department of Justice. Mass Fatality Incident Family Assistance Operations: Recommended Strategies for Local and State Agencies. Federal Bureau of Investigation Office for Victim Assistance. National Transportation Safety Board. ;
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020, September 8). Preparedness Public Health Emergency: Disaster Behavioral Health. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response.
- Dembert, M., & Mark, L., (1991). Occupational Chemical Exposures and Psychiatric Disorders. Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry, 9(1). Print.; Attademo, L., Bernardini, F., Garinella, R., & Compton, M. T. (2017). Environmental pollution and risk of psychotic disorders: A review of the science to date. Schizophrenia research, 181, 55–59.
- Khan, N., Kennedy, A., Cotton, J., & Brumby, S. (2019). A Pest to Mental Health? Exploring the Link between Exposure to Agrichemicals in Farmers and Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1327.; Holmes, J. H., & Goan, M. D. (1957). Observations on acute and multiple exposure to anticholinesterase agents. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, (68), 86–103.
- MCCormick, L.C., Tajeu, G.S., & Klapow, J. (2015). Mental health consequences of chemical and radiologic emergencies: a systematic review. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 33(1), 197–211.
- Gallacher, J., Bronstering, K., Palmer, S., Fone, D., & Lyons, R. (2007). Symptomatology attributable to psychological exposure to a chemical incident: a natural experiment. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 61(6), 506–512.
- Croisant, S. A., Lin, Y. L., Shearer, J. J., Prochaska, J., Phillips-Savoy, A., Gee, J., et al. (2017). The Gulf Coast Health Alliance: Health Risks Related to the Macondo Spill (GC-HARMS) Study: Self-Reported Health Effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1328.
- Young, B.H., Ford, J.D., Ruzek, J.I., Friedman, M.J., Gusman, F.D. (1998). Disaster Mental Health Services: A Guidebook for Clinicians and Administrators. Department of Veteran Affairs, The National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
- Ginsberg, J. P., Holbrook, J. R., Chanda, D., Bao, H., & Svendsen, E. R. (2012). Posttraumatic stress and tendency to panic in the aftermath of the chlorine gas disaster in Graniteville, South Carolina. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(9), 1441–1448.
- Hashemian, F., Khoshnood, K., Desai, M.D., Falahati, F., Kasl, S., & Southwick, S. (2006) Anxiety, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress in Iranian Survivors of Chemical Warfare. JAMA 296(5), 560-66.
- Moradi, F., Söderberg, M., Moradi, F., Daka, B., Olin, A. C., & Lärstad, M. (2019). Health perspectives among Halabja's civilian survivors of sulfur mustard exposure with respiratory symptoms-A qualitative study. PloS ONE, 14(6), e0218648.
- Chance, G. W. (2001). Environmental contaminants and children's health: Cause for concern, time for action. Paediatrics & child health, 6(10), 731–743. ; Kwok, R. K., McGrath, J. A., Lowe, S. R., Engel, L. S., Jackson, W. B., Curry, M.D., et al. (2017). Mental health indicators associated with oil spill response and clean-up: cross-sectional analysis of the Gulf Study cohort. The Lancet Public health, 2(12), e560–e567.
- Palinkas, L. A., Petterson, J. S., Russell, J., & Downs, M. A. (1993). Community patterns of psychiatric disorders after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The American journal of psychiatry, 150(10), 1517–1523. ;
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020, August 3). Programs to Support Disaster Survivors.
- Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020, June 5). COVID-19 Pandemic Operational Guidance for the 2020 Hurricane Season.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020, September 1). Stockpile Products. Public Health Emergency, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017, September 9). Calling on NDMS. Public Health Emergency, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, June 11). Medical Assistance. Public Health Emergency, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response.
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2012, June). Recovery from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Incidents: Critical Infrastructure and Economic Impact Considerations. SAND2012-5044.
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2016, June). National Disaster Recovery Framework. 2nd ed.
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019, August). National Food and Agriculture Incident Annex to the Response and Recovery Federal Interagency Operations Plans.
- Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. (2002, January). Section 3 Treatment Perspectives. Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0.; Center for Public Environmental Oversight. (2010). Technology Tree: Tech Chart.
References
Last updated